Command Line: Handy Commands

[Nathan]

Below is a quick intro to some of the most useful commands in the world of the Linux command line:

man
Show manual for any given command. Eg:

man tar

This would show the manual for the tar command. Very useful if you ever find yourself wanting more info on how to use a command.

pwd
Shows the directory you're currently working in.

ls
Lists the files in the pwd.

• ls -a: Includes hidden files.
• ls -l: List files along with their vital stats.
• ls -X: Sort by file extension.
• ls -sh: List files along with their size.

cd
Change to a new pwd.

mkdir
Make a new directory.

cat
Show the contents of any given file.

rm
Remove a file.

• rm -f: Force rm to remove files without asking including read-only files.
• rm -r: Recurse through subdirectories removing them and their contents (rm will otherwise skip directories).

stat
Get all info on a file regarding permissions, ownership, size, etc.

[Nathan]

su
Switch to being the Super User (root). This command will ask for a password.

sudo
Execute a single command as root. This is considered the safest way to do things as root as it's easier to make a mistake while logged in as root.

df
Lists disk usage for all storage devices.

• df -h: List disk space in KB, MB, GB, etc. (df normally lists space in bytes).

du
Prints disk usage stats for a given directory.

• du -h: List disk space in KB, MB, GB, etc. (du normally lists space in bytes).

[Nathan]

which
Shows the exact location in the file system of any given command's binary. Ever wonder where "ls" or "sudo" is? Try "which ls" or "which sudo".

head
List the first 10 lines of a given file. Useful for getting a basic feel for the contents of a file without listing through the whole thing.

• head -n X: List the first X lines instead of the first 10.

tail
Same as head except that it lists the [i]last[/b] 10 lines of a given file.

• tail -n X: List the last X lines instead of the last 10.
• tail -f: Follow a given file's last lines, even if they change. Very useful for monitoring log files as they change.

[Robi]

One of my favorite commands is "apropos" which helps when your looking for a command but can't quite remember how it's spelled. If your looking for help with wireless on your Linux box you would type;

apropos wireless

This will give you a list of commands associtated with your wireless.

Another command I like is "locate." This finds a file, command, or directory and gives you the path to where it's at. First run the "updatedb" command as this updates the locate database. If locate finds many matches to your search run it with the "| less" command.

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